J cole immortal 17453/31/2024 In vitro models are essential in studies of OA molecular pathways, understanding drug and target interactions, assessing cytotoxicity of carriers and drug molecules, and predicting in vivo behaviors. The current review highlights the applications of OA in vitro models in the development of IA formulation by means of exploring their advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, the selection of models is critical when developing local administration formulation in terms of accurate outcome assessment, target and off-target effects and relevant translation to in vivo. When developing intra-articular formulations, the main goals are a sustained and controlled release of therapeutic drug doses, taking into account carrier choice, drug molecule, and articular joint tissue target. As local administration of molecules, this represents a way to circumvent systemic drug delivery struggles. Intra-articular (IA) delivery has seen a surge in osteoarthritis research in recent years. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex multi-target disease with an unmet medical need for the development of therapies that slow and potentially revert disease progression.
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